Terms+-+Unit+I

**Archduke Franz-Ferdinand** -- Austrian duke and successor to the throne; assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, member of the Black Hand; assassination caused WWI **Black Hand** -- a Serbian nationalistic group that supported Serbian independence and unification; planned the assassination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand **Kaiser Wilhelm II** -- Autocrat of Germany during WWI, believed in German superiority; disregarded Bismarck's advice to not be aggressive **Triple Alliance** -- Germany, AH, Italy (France was desired as an ally for Germany but France was still angry about he Franco-Prussian war **Triple Entente** -- Britain, France, Russia  **“Blank check”** -- unconditional backing; AH fills in the blank for how much it wants  **Austro-Hungarian ultimatum** -- Demand to end all anti-Austrian activities and AH participation in the assassination investigation, and the removal of officers that AH determined as hostile  **Schlieffen Plan** -- In a 2-front war Germany would mobilize quickly through Belgium to defeat France and then transfer forces to the east to defeat Russia; was all based on if Germany mobilized first  **Battle of Marne** -- Allied counterattack against the German invasion at the start of the war which forced the Germans to retreat: both sides dug a trench system creating the stalemate  **Battle of Tannenberg** -- Germans defeat the Russians **Masurian Lakes --** Germans route the Russian army Both of these battles regained ground for Germany that had been lost due to faster then expected Russian mobilization **War of attrition --** war that generates massive casualties on either side (due to trench warfare, machine guns, artillery, etc…) **Trench warfare --** 1. Artillery bombardment is used to eliminate mines, barbed wire, and defenses in the frontline trenches. 2. Defenders would move into bunkers during the bombardment. 3. Infantry attack the defenders and are met with reinforced defending infantry and defending artillery. 4. the attackers are reinforced but both sides eventually become exhausted. **21 Demands --** Made China Japan's economic and political protectorate and gave Japan land in Manchuria and gained a sphere of influence, with Allied support China was allowed to help the Allied war effort **T.E. Lawrence** -- organized the Arabs to revolt against the Ottomans and helped them liberate the Middle East with Allied aid. **Total war** -- a country's total mobilization of all resources of its nation to win the war. **Blockade** -- use of ships to eliminate a supply line to an opposing nation; Britain's superior navy blockaded Germany preventing merchant ships from trading **Unrestricted Submarine Warfare** -- use of submarines to attack hostile ships and neutral merchants ships suspected of being used to supply the Allies. **Lusitania** -- passenger ship sunk by a German submarine because it was suspected of transporting war material **Battle of Jutland** -- German attempt to attack the British surface fleet, fails miserably, dreadnaught own against German ships **David Lloyd George --** British political leader, believed Germany should pay reparations **Georges Clemenceau --** French political leader, demanded Germany's unconditional surrender and a severe reduction in its military as well as territorial losses **US Declaration of War --** occurred due to the return of unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Note **Bolshevik Revolution** -- war weariness provoked citizens and soldiers to overthrow the tsar; the Bolsheviks took control and immediately sought peace. **Woodrow Wilson --** U.S. president during WWI, proposed the 14 points **Fourteen Points --** outlined 3 goals: 1. Prevention of future wars by recognizing rules of war, 2. nationalistic self-determination, 3. a League of Nations to enforce the rules Believed that Germany should be treated fairly and be given equal membership in the League of Nations **League of Nations --** league that would protect peace **National self-determination --** stated that boundaries and territorial integrity should be determined based on ethnic nationalism **Armistice --** cease-fire, end of the fighting **Paris Peace Conference --** conference in which all the victorious powers met to discuss the peace terms for the Central Powers **Treaty of Versailles --** treaty which nearly eliminated German military, gave them territorial losses, and forced the Germans to pay reparations because of the "war guilt" clause **“war guilt” clause --** gives the blame to Germany making reparations and bad treatment fair **reparations --** money paid by Germany to the Allies for war debt **Cordon Sanitare --** prevented the spread of Communism from Russia (expansion prevented by newly created Eastern nations)
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